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A New Biologyfor the 21st Century Committee on a New Biology for the 21st Century: Ensuring the United States Leads the Coming Biology Revolution Board on Life Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS   500 Fifth Street, N.W.   Washington, DC 20001NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the GoverningBoard of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councilsof the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and theInstitute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report werechosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health through Contract No.N01-OD-4-2139, Task Order 209; the National Science Foundation through Grant No.DBI-0843904; and by the Department of Energy. The content of this publication doesnot necessarily reflect the views or policies of the sponsoring agencies, nor does themention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement bythe U.S. government.International Standard Book Number-13:  978-0-309-14488-9 (Book)International Standard Book Number-10:  0-309-14488-4 (Book)International Standard Book Number-13:  978-0-309-14486-5 (PDF)International Standard Book Number-10:  0-309-14486-8 (PDF)Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939411Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500Fifth Street, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.Copyright 2009 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America

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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society ofdistinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to thefurtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Uponthe authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has amandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technicalmatters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of theNational Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It isautonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with theNational Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed atmeeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superiorachievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academyof Engineering.The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciencesto secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examina-tion of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under theresponsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter tobe an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issuesof medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of theInstitute of Medicine.The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in1916 to ­associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’spurposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning inaccordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has becomethe principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and theNational Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly byboth Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M.Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org

COMMITTEE ON A NEW BIOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: ENSURING THE UNITED STATES LEADS THE COMING BIOLOGY REVOLUTIONTHOMAS CONNELLY (Cochair), DuPont Company, Wilmington, DelawarePHILLIP SHARP (Cochair), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CambridgeDENNIS AUSIELLO, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, BostonMARIANNE BRONNER-FRASER, California Institute of Technology, PasadenaINGRID BURKE, University of Wyoming, LaramieJOHN BURRIS, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, North CarolinaJONATHAN EISEN, University of California, DavisANTHONY JANETOS, Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, MarylandRICHARD KARP, International Computer Science Institute and University of California, BerkeleyPETER KIM, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PennsylvaniaDOUGLAS LAUFFENBURGER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CambridgeMARY LIDSTROM, University of Washington, SeattleWENDELL LIM, University of California, San FranciscoMARGARET MCFALL-NGAI, University of Wisconsin, MadisonELLIOT MEYEROWITZ, California Institute of Technology, PasadenaKEITH YAMAMOTO, University of California, San FranciscoStaffANN REID, Study Director, Board on Life SciencesAMANDA CLINE, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Life SciencesFRANCES SHARPLES, Director, Board on Life SciencesSANJAY MAGAVI, Christine Mirzayan Fellow, Board on Life SciencesKATHERINE SAYLOR, Christine Mirzayan Fellow, Board on Life Sciences 0018

BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCESKEITH R. YAMAMOTO (Chair), University of California, San FranciscoANN M. ARVIN, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CaliforniaVICKI L. CHANDLER, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, CaliforniaMARK D. FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, IllinoisLOUIS J. GROSS, University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleJO HANDELSMAN, University of Wisconsin, MadisonCATO T. LAURENCIN, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, ConnecticutJONATHAN D. MORENO, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaCAMILLE PARMESAN, University of Texas, AustinMURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New YorkALISON G. POWER, Cornell University, Ithaca, New YorkBRUCE W. STILLMAN, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkCYNTHIA WOLBERGER, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandStaffFRANCES E. SHARPLES, DirectorJO L. HUSBANDS, Scholar/Senior Project DirectorADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program OfficerANN H. REID, Senior Program OfficerMARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program OfficerINDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Program OfficerANNA FARRAR, Financial AssociateAMANDA P. CLINE, Senior Program AssistantREBECCA L. WALTER, Senior Program AssistantCARL-GUSTAV ANDERSON, Program Assistant vi

Preface Biological research is in the midst of a revolutionary change due to the inte-gration of powerful technologies along with new concepts and methods derivedfrom inclusion of physical sciences, mathematics, computational sciences, andengineering. As never before, advances in biological sciences hold tremendouspromise for surmounting many of the major challenges confronting the UnitedStates and the world. Historically, major advances in science have providedsolutions to economic and social challenges. At the same time, those challengeshave inspired science to focus its attention on critical needs. Scientific effortsbased on meeting societal needs have laid the foundation for countless newproducts, industries, even entire economic sectors that were unimagined whenthe work began. The lessons of history led the Committee on a New Biology for the 21stCentury to recommend that a New Biology Initiative be put in place andcharged with finding solutions to major societal needs: sustainable food pro-duction, protection of the environment, renewable energy, and improvement inhuman health. These challenges represent both the mechanism for acceleratingthe emergence of a New Biology and its first fruits. Responding to its Statementof Task, the committee found the answer to the question “How can a funda-mental understanding of living systems reduce uncertainty about the future oflife on earth, improve human health and welfare, and lead to the wise steward-ship of our planet?” in calling for a national initiative to apply the potential ofthe New Biology to addressing these societal challenges. As the report explains, the essence of the New Biology is integration––re-integration of the many subdisciplines of biology, and the integration intobiology of physicists, chemists, computer scientists, engineers, and mathemati-cians to create a research community with the capacity to tackle a broad rangeof scientific and societal problems. The committee chose biological approaches vii

viii PREFACEto solving problems in the areas of food, environment, energy and health as themost inspiring goals to drive the development of the New Biology. But these arenot the only problems that we both hope and expect a thriving New ­Biology tobe able to address; fundamental questions in all areas of biology, from under-standing the brain to carbon cycling in the ocean, will all be more tractableas the New Biology grows into a flourishing reality. Given the fundamentalunity of biology, it is our hope and our expectation that the New Biology willcontribute to advances across the life sciences. Throughout the report, “NewBiology” is capitalized to emphasize that it is intended to be an additional andcomplementary effort to traditional life sciences research, not a replacement.Peer-reviewed, independent investigator-initiated research is the foundation onwhich the New Biology rests and on which it will continue to rely. Many exciting and important areas of biological research are not consid-ered in this report. America’s research capability in life sciences leads the world.This committee strongly endorses current research endeavors, both in thepublic and private sector. Within biology, the excellent work underway mustbe continued. But for this study, the intent was not to comprehensively reviewall life sciences research. Instead the committee focused on those opportunitiesthat cannot be addressed by any one subdiscipline or agency––opportunitiesthat require integration across biology and with other sciences and engineer-ing, and that are difficult to capitalize on within traditional institutional andfunding structures. It is not merely the sciences that need to be integrated. The New Biologywill draw on the research and development capabilities of universities, govern-ment, and industry. Individual federal agencies will continue to lead important,independent efforts. For the New Biology to flourish, however, interagencyco-leadership of projects will be needed to a far greater extent than is the casetoday. This approach is not simply a matter of funding. The combined capabili-ties and expertise of numerous organizations are required to address society’sgreatest challenges. This study represents the collective efforts of the committee during meet-ings, workshops, a December 2008 Biology Summit, and many teleconferences.We would like to thank the Summit and workshop participants for their valu-able input. We also thank the committee members who volunteered countlesshours and the Board of Life Sciences staff for their efforts and dedication tothe study. America’s investment in basic research in the life sciences has paid richdividends. A commitment to the New Biology will extend this proud record. In the words of President Obama when he addressed the 2009 annualmeeting of the National Academy of Sciences:

PREFACE ix As you know, scientific discovery takes far more that the occasional flash of brilliance— as important as that can be. Usually, it takes time and hard work and patience; it takes training; it requires the support of a nation. But it holds promise like no other area of human endeavor. The well-being, security, and prosperity of our nation are the prize. Wefully endorse the recommendations here presented. Thomas Connelly Phillip Sharp Co-chairs Committee on a New Biology for the 21st Century: Ensuring the United States Leads the Coming Biology Revolution

Acknowledgments This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for theirdiverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with proceduresapproved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. Thepurpose of the independent review is to provide candid and critical commentsthat will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as pos-sible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity,evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments anddraft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberativeprocess. We wish to thank the following for their review of the report: Frances H. Arnold, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Ann M. Arvin, Stanford University, California David Baltimore, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Floyd E. Bloom, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California Jeff Dangl, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Susan Desmond-Hellmann, University of California, San Francisco Mark Ellisman, University of California, San Diego Paul Falkowski, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey Adam Godzik, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California David Goldston, Princeton University, New Jersey James Hanken, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Robert Langer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Rick Miranda, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Norman Pace, University of Colorado, Boulder Camille Parmesan, University of Texas, Austin Peter H. Raven, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis xi

xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Gene Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana Bruce W. Stillman, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York Although the reviewers listed above have provided constructive commentsand suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom-mendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release.The review of the report was overseen by Marvalee H. Wake (Universityof ­ California, Berkeley) and John Dowling (Harvard University, Cambridge,M­ assachusetts). Appointed by the National Research Council, they wereresponsible for making certain that an independent examination of this reportwas carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all reviewcomments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of thereport rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. The committee benefited from discussions with several speakers, whomwe would like to thank for their help. At its first meeting, on November 4,2008, the committee met with: Ralph Cicerone, President, National Academyof Sciences, Charles M. Vest, President, National Academy of Engineering,James Jensen, Director of Congressional and Government Affairs, NationalAcademies, William Bonvillian, Director, Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy, Washington, Patrick White, Director of Federal Relations, Association ofAmerican Universities, Howard Minigh, President and CEO, CropLife Interna-tional, John Pierce, Vice President, DuPont Applied BioSciences–­Technology,and Anthony Janetos, Director, Joint Global Change Research Institute, ­CollegePark, Maryland. We also thank Robert Lue, Harvard University, Timothy J. Donohue, Uni-versity of Wisconsin-Madison, William K. Lauenroth, University of Wyoming,for helpful discussions, Joshua V. Troll, University of Wisconsin, Madisonand Charina Choi, University of California, San Francisco for contributingfigures, and Steve Olson and Paula Tarnapol Whitacre for writing and editingassistance.

ContentsSummary 1Introduction 91 The New Biology’s Great Potential 112 How the New Biology Can Address Societal Challenges 173 Why Now? 394 Putting the New Biology to Work 655 Recommendations 87References 91AppendixesA Statement of Task 95B Workshop Agenda 97 xiii

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